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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Oncohematology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Oncohematology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкогематология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8346</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-4023</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1071</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8346-2025-20-4-81-91</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CURRENT BASIC RESEARCH IN HEMATOLOGY AND PRACTICAL MEDICINE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ В ОНКОГЕМАТОЛОГИИ И ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЙ МЕДИЦИНЕ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en"><italic>KRAS</italic>, <italic>NRAS</italic>, <italic>BRAF</italic> genes mutations in tumor cells of various localizations and their impact on the treatment outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Мутации в генах <italic>KRAS</italic>, <italic>NRAS</italic>, <italic>BRAF</italic> в опухолевых клетках различной локализации и их влияние на результаты лечения больных множественной миеломой</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4142-171X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Soloveva</surname><given-names>Maya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьева</surname><given-names>Майя Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>solomaiia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7944-6202</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solovev</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьев</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>solomaiia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5532-1122</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakutik</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якутик</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>solomaiia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-3334</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Biderman</surname><given-names>B. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бидерман</surname><given-names>Б. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>solomaiia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2681-7365</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>Anastasia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nastya199popova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2957-1619</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Risinskaya</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рисинская</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>solomaiia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3914-8611</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikulina</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никулина</surname><given-names>Е. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>solomaiia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1613-652X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Obukhova</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Обухова</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>solomaiia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9463-9187</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sudarikov</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Судариков</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>solomaiia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4966-8146</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mendeleeva</surname><given-names>Larisa P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Менделеева</surname><given-names>Лариса Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, DSc (Med.), Professor, Head of the Management Division for Scientific and Educational Work, Head of the Division of Chemotherapy of Paraproteinemic Hemoblastosis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, руководитель управления по научной работе и образованию, заведующая отделом химиотерапии парапротеинемических гемобластозов</p></bio><email>solomaiia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр гематологии» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>81</fpage><lpage>91</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-17"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-17"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, ABV-press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-press</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncohematology.eco-vector.com/ongm/article/view/1071">https://oncohematology.eco-vector.com/ongm/article/view/1071</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> Multiple myeloma (MM) is a genetically complex disease in which different aberrations can be determined in tumors of different localizations. The impact of mutations in the RAS-ERK pathway genes on the MM course, despite numerous publications, is unclear.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> To evaluate mutations in the KRAS, NRAS, BRAF genes in plasma free circulating tumor DNA and CD138<sup>+</sup> bone marrow cells and to analyze therapy results of MM patients at different stages depending on MAP kinase genes mutational status.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> A prospective single-center study from September 2021 to December 2024 included 100 patients (45 men and 55 women) with newly diagnosed MM aged 29 to 83 years (median 55 years), 41 patients without plasmacytomas and 59 with plasmacytomas. The diagnosis was established in accordance with International Myeloma Working Group – 2014 criteria. Induction therapy was performed according to bortezomib-containing programs; the antitumor response was assessed according to International Myeloma Working Group – 2016 criteria. Analysis of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF genes mutations on DNA samples of CD138<sup>+</sup> bone marrow cells was performed in all patients, in free circulating tumor DNA – in 81 patients. Statistical analysis was performed using the MedCalc program, and the Fisher criterion was also used. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method, with statistical significance assessed using the log-rank test.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The frequency of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF genes mutations in free circulating tumor DNA and / or bone marrow in the total group was 50 %. The detection frequency of MAP kinase genes mutations in patients with and without plasmacytomas was comparable. No differences in detection frequency of high-risk cytogenetic aberrations were found in groups of patients with RAS-ERK pathway genes mutations and without them. A tendency towards a lower frequency of achieving complete remission after induction therapy was noted in patients with mutated gene status compared to patients without MAP kinase genes mutations (17 % versus 41 %; p = 0.07). At control time points after auto-transplantation, the trend remained: patients with MAP kinase genes mutations achieved a deep antitumor response 2 times less often compared to patients without mutations (30 % versus 59.5 %; p = 0.051). The probability of two-year progression-free survival of patients with MAP kinase genes mutations was significantly lower (p &lt;0.05) – 62 % versus 92 % for patients without KRAS, NRAS, BRAF genes mutations.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Due to the complex genetic structure and spatial anatomical heterogeneity of MM, the study of various localization tumors is extremely relevant. When mutations in the MAP kinase genes are detected, the antitumor response at various therapy stages is worse, and the probability of progression-free survival is significantly lower than in patients without mutations in these genes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Множественная миелома (ММ) – генетически сложное заболевание, при котором различающиеся аберрации могут определяться в опухоли различной локализации. Влияние мутаций в генах RAS-ERK-каскада на течение ММ, несмотря на множество публикаций, неясно.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>– оценить мутации в генах<bold> </bold><italic>KRAS, NRAS, BRAF</italic> в опухолевой свободно циркулирующей ДНК в плазме и CD138<sup>+</sup>-клетках костного мозга и проанализировать результаты терапии больных ММ на разных этапах в зависимости от мутационного статуса генов MAP-киназ.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В проспективное одноцентровое исследование с сентября 2021 г. по декабрь 2024 г. включены 100 пациентов (45 мужчин и 55 женщин) с впервые диагностированной ММ в возрасте 29–83 лет (медиана – 55 лет): 41 пациент без плазмоцитом, 59 – с плазмоцитомами. Диагноз устанавливали в соответствии с критериями Международной рабочей группы по миеломе – 2014. Индукционную терапию выполняли по бортезомибсодержащим программам, противоопухолевый ответ оценивали согласно критериям Международной рабочей группы по миеломе – 2016. У всех пациентов исследование мутаций в генах KRAS, NRAS, BRAF проводили на образцах ДНК CD138<sup>+</sup>-клеток костного мозга, у 81 больного – в опухолевой свободно циркулирующей ДНК в плазме. Результаты исследования подвергали статистической обработке с помощью программы MedCalc, также применяли критерий Фишера. Анализ выживаемости проведен методом Каплана–Майера с оценкой статистической значимости log-rank-тестом.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Частота выявления мутаций в генах KRAS, NRAS, BRAF в свободно циркулирующей ДНК и / или костном мозге во всей группе составила 50 %. Частота выявления мутаций в генах MAP-киназ у больных с плазмоцитомами и без таковых была сопоставима. Разницы в частоте обнаружения цитогенетических аберраций высокого риска в группах больных с мутациями в генах RAS-ERK-каскада и без таковых не выявлено. Замечена тенденция к меньшей частоте достижения полной ремиссии после индукционного этапа лечения у больных с мутированным статусом генов по сравнению с пациентами без мутаций в генах MAP-киназ (17 % против 41 %; p = 0,07). В контрольные сроки после аутологичной трансплантации тенденция сохранилась: у больных с мутациями в генах MAP-киназ в 2 раза реже достигался глубокий противоопухолевый ответ по сравнению с пациентами, гены которых не были мутированы (30 % против 59,5 %; p = 0,051). Вероятность 2-летней выживаемости без прогрессирования больных с мутированным статусом генов MAP-киназ была статистически значимо ниже (p &lt;0,05) и составила 62 % против 92 % для больных без мутаций в генах KRAS, NRAS, BRAF.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Ввиду сложной генетической структуры и пространственной анатомической гетерогенности ММ исследование опухоли различной локализации является крайне актуальным. При обнаружении мутаций в генах MAP-киназ параметры противоопухолевого ответа на различных этапах терапии хуже, а вероятность выживаемости без прогрессирования статистически значимо ниже, чем у больных без мутаций в этих генах.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multiple myeloma</kwd><kwd>KRAS</kwd><kwd>NRAS</kwd><kwd>BRAF genes</kwd><kwd>liquid biopsy</kwd><kwd>plasma free circulating tumor DNA</kwd><kwd>plasmacytoma</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>множественная миелома</kwd><kwd>гены KRAS</kwd><kwd>NRAS</kwd><kwd>BRAF</kwd><kwd>жидкостная биопсия</kwd><kwd>свободно циркулирующая ДНК в плазме</kwd><kwd>плазмоцитома</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>25-25-20201</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rasche L., Chavan S.S., Stephens O.W. et al. 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