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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Oncohematology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Oncohematology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкогематология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8346</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-4023</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1088</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8346-2026-21-1-22-32</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES: TREATMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕМОБЛАСТОЗЫ: ЛЕЧЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Relapsed acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia: analysis of data from the ALL-2016 registry of the Russian Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Study Group</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рецидивы острого Т-клеточного лимфобластного лейкоза: анализ данных регистра ОЛЛ-2016 Российской исследовательской группы по изучению острых лимфобластных лейкозов у взрослых</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9969-8482</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleshina</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алешина</surname><given-names>Ольга Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dr.gavrilina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4316-4833</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasileva</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильева</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dr.gavrilina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7968-1923</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotova</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dr.gavrilina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-3334</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Biderman</surname><given-names>B. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бидерман</surname><given-names>Б. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dr.gavrilina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-3566</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Parovichnikova</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паровичникова</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dr.gavrilina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр гематологии» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Oncohematology</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Онкогематология</issue-title><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-09"><day>09</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-09"><day>09</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, ABV-press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, АБВпресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВпресс</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncohematology.eco-vector.com/ongm/article/view/1088">https://oncohematology.eco-vector.com/ongm/article/view/1088</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> Current approaches to treating acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) in adults have achieved significant results, with approximately 60 % of patients recovering after first-line therapy. However, treatment of relapsed and refractory forms of T-ALL remains an unresolved issue, especially given the lack of targeted agents for this disease. Relapsed T-ALL deserve special attention, as they demonstrate conversion of the initial immunophenotypic variant, i. e., a change in the phenotype of tumor cells. Cases of the complete tumor clone replacement – a phenomenon known as “lineage switch” – have been described. This phenomenon is diagnosed in 6–9 % of all relapses and is more commonly observed in children. In cases of an acute leukemia variant conversion, it is extremely difficult to determine the etiology of the second event: are the blast cells the same leukemic clone or should this aspect be considered within the context of the development of a secondary malignancy associated with previous therapy. An equally important issue in this group of patients is the selection of effective treatment programs.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> To analyze long-term treatment outcomes in relapsed and refractory T-ALL forms, to assess the likelihood of immunophenotypic variant change (second event) during relapse in T-ALL patients, and to identify risk factors for the development of this phenomenon.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The study included 34 patients with T-ALL who were enrolled in the ALL-2016 study from 2017 to 2024 and who had relapsed or had a primary refractoriness. Of these, 27 (79 %) were male and 7 (21 %) were female. The median age at the time of relapse / second event was 32 (18–54) years. Eighteen patients underwent next-generation sequencing to identify mutations in genes associated with clonal hematopoiesis. Targeted sequencing of the <italic>ASXL1</italic>, <italic>DNMT3A</italic>, and <italic>TET2</italic> genes was performed.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The 2-year overall survival rate for T-ALL patients after relapse or refractoriness diagnosis was 13 %. Immunophenotypic variant change during relapse in T-ALL patients treated according to the ALL-2016 protocol was diagnosed in 18 % (<italic>n</italic> = 6): 5 patients developed acute myeloid leukemia, 1 patient developed myelodysplastic syndrome with monosomy 7, with subsequent transformation to acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. All patients diagnosed with immunophenotypic variant change during relapse initially had karyotype abnormalities, and 80 % of them were diagnosed with complex karyotype changes. The 2-year overall survival in patients with immunophenotypic variant change was 0 %, and in patients without variant change – 16 % (<italic>p</italic> = 0.82). In 2 of 5 patients, the “lineage switch” phenomenon was confirmed at relapse: identical mutations in the <italic>DNMT3A</italic> and <italic>ASXL1</italic> genes were detected, the same as those present at the onset of T-ALL. In the group of patients in whom no changes in the immunological characteristics of the tumor clone were observed at relapse, mutations in genes associated with clonal hematopoiesis were detected in 3 (23 %) patients (<italic>p</italic> = 0.87). In the group of patients with immunophenotypic variant conversion, at disease onset early immunophenotypic variants (ETP and near-ETP) were detected in 5 of 6 patients, and the thymic variant of T-ALL was verified in only 1 (17 %) patient.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Long-term treatment outcomes for relapsed / refractory T-ALL remain unfavorable. Rare cases of immunophenotypic variant conversion in T-ALL during relapse are described. A high risk of disease relapse with immunophenotype shift has been confirmed in a group of patients with early T-ALL (ETP and near-ETP), characterized by complex karyotypic changes at onset.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Современные подходы к терапии острых Т-клеточных лимфобластных лейкозов (Т-ОЛЛ) у взрослых достигли значительных результатов: около 60 % пациентов выздоравливают в результате проведения 1-й линии терапии. Однако проблема терапии рецидивов и рефрактерных форм Т-ОЛЛ остается нерешенной, особенно с учетом отсутствия таргетных препаратов для этой нозологии. Отдельного внимания заслуживают рецидивы Т-ОЛЛ, при которых верифицируется феномен конверсии изначального иммунофенотипического варианта, т. е. изменение фенотипа опухолевых клеток. Описаны случаи полной смены опухолевых клонов – феномен “lineage switch”, который диагностируется в 6–9 % случаев всех рецидивов и чаще наблюдается у детей. В случае конверсии варианта острого лейкоза крайне сложно различить этиологию 2-го события: являются ли бластные клетки тем же лейкемическим клоном или данный аспект следует рассматривать в рамках развития вторичного злокачественного новообразования, связанного с предшествующей терапией. Не менее важная проблема у этой группы больных – выбор эффективных программ лечения.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – проанализировать долгосрочные результаты терапии при рецидивах и рефрактерных формах Т-ОЛЛ, оценить вероятность смены иммунофенотипического варианта (2-го события) при развитии рецидива у больных Т-ОЛЛ, а также определить факторы риска развития такого феномена.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Рассмотрены данные 34 больных Т-ОЛЛ, которые с 2017 по 2024 г. были включены в исследование ОЛЛ-2016 и у которых констатирован рецидив заболевания или первично-рефрактерное течение. Из них 27 (79 %) больных мужского пола, 7 (21 %) – женского. Медиана возраста на момент констатации рецидива / 2-го события составила 32 (18–54) года. У 18 больных выполнено исследование мутаций в генах, ассоциированных с клональным кроветворением, методом высокопроизводительного секвенирования. Проведено таргетное секвенирование в генах <italic>ASXL1</italic>,<italic> DNMT3A</italic>,<italic> TET2</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Двухлетняя общая выживаемость больных после констатации рефрактерности или рецидива Т-ОЛЛ составила 13 %. Смена иммунофенотипического варианта при развитии рецидива у больных Т-ОЛЛ, которым проводилась терапия по протоколу ОЛЛ-2016, диагностирована у 18 % (<italic>n</italic> = 6): у 5 больных развился острый миелоидный лейкоз, у 1 – миелодиспластический синдром с моносомией хромосомы 7 с дальнейшей трансформацией в острый миелоидный лейкоз после аллогенной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток. Все пациенты, у которых диагностирована смена иммунологического варианта заболевания при рецидиве, исходно имели аномалии кариотипа, причем у 80 % из них диагностированы комплексные изменения кариотипа. Двухлетняя общая выживаемость пациентов со сменой иммунологического варианта заболевания составила 0 %, без смены варианта – 16 % (<italic>p</italic> = 0,82). У 2 из 5 больных при рецидиве подтвержден феномен “lineage switch”: определялись идентичные мутации в генах <italic>DNMT3A</italic> и <italic>ASXL1</italic> – те же, что и в дебюте Т-ОЛЛ. В группе больных, у которых при рецидиве заболевания не отмечено изменений иммунологических характеристик опухолевого клона, у 3 (23 %) пациентов выявлены мутации в генах, ассоциированных с клональным гемопоэзом (<italic>p</italic> = 0,87). В группе с конверсией иммунофенотипического варианта в дебюте заболевания у 5 из 6 больных выявлены ранние иммунофенотипические варианты (ETP и near-ETP), и только у 1 (17 %) больного верифицирован тимический вариант Т-ОЛЛ.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Долгосрочные результаты терапии рецидивов и рефрактерных форм Т-ОЛЛ остаются неблагоприятными. Описаны редкие случаи феномена конверсии иммунофенотипического варианта Т-ОЛЛ при рецидиве заболевания. Высокий риск рецидива со сменой иммунофенотипа подтвержден в группе пациентов с ранними Т-ОЛЛ (ETP и near-ETP), протекающими с комплексными изменениями кариотипа в дебюте.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia</kwd><kwd>adults</kwd><kwd>immunophenotypic shift</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острый Т-клеточный лимфобластный лейкоз</kwd><kwd>взрослые</kwd><kwd>смена иммунофенотипа</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valiev T.T. Diagnosis and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children according to the BFM group protocols: a guide for physicians. Moscow: ID “MedINK”, 2025 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Валиев Т.Т. Диагностика и лечение острого лимфобластного лейкоза у детей по протоколам группы BFM: руководство для врачей. 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