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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Oncohematology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Oncohematology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкогематология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8346</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-4023</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1092</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8346-2026-21-1-66-76</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RARE AND COMPLEX CLINICAL SITUATIONS: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT CHOICE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕДКИЕ И СЛОЖНЫЕ КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ СИТУАЦИИ: ДИАГНОСТИКА И ВЫБОР ТАКТИКИ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Characteristics and dynamics of the residual tumor clone determined by multicolor flow cytometry in Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности и динамика остаточного опухолевого клона, определяемого методом многоцветной проточной цитометрии, при макроглобулинемии Вальденстрема</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2876-4566</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vinnikova</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Винникова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiavinci@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8490-6066</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galtseva</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гальцева</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiavinci@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4950-523X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grachev</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грачев</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiavinci@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4119-7175</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikiforova</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никифорова</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiavinci@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7828-1556</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsoy</surname><given-names>Y. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цой</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiavinci@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0930-5699</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Starchenko</surname><given-names>S. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старченко</surname><given-names>С. Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiavinci@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6288-7570</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulikov</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куликов</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiavinci@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-6743</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maryina</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Марьина</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiavinci@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9877-0796</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dvirnyk</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Двирнык</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiavinci@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9463-9187</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sudarikov</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Судариков</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiavinci@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4155-7820</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gribanova</surname><given-names>E. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грибанова</surname><given-names>Е. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiavinci@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2639-7419</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zvonkov</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Звонков</surname><given-names>Е. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiavinci@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4827-8947</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Troitskaya</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Троицкая</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiavinci@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-3566</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Parovichnikova</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паровичникова</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastasiavinci@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр гематологии» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Oncohematology</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Онкогематология</issue-title><fpage>66</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-09"><day>09</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-09"><day>09</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, ABV-press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, АБВпресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВпресс</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncohematology.eco-vector.com/ongm/article/view/1092">https://oncohematology.eco-vector.com/ongm/article/view/1092</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> Minimal residual disease (MRD), as determined by immunophenotyping, is an indicator of therapy response and a marker of relapse in many hematological diseases. There are some foreign publications devoted to the assessment of the residual tumor population using multicolor flow cytometry in Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (WM). A characteristic feature of WM is the infiltration of bone marrow by two tumor populations from one tumor clone: clonal B-lymphocytes and clonal plasma cells. The study of these two aberrant populations was only possible using flow cytometry. In 90 % of WM cases, the L265P mutation of the <italic>MYD88</italic> gene is detected: it is a diagnostic marker and is much less common in other lymphomas.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> To investigate the residual tumor clone characteristics in WM patients, their correlation with progression, assess the relationship between the monoclonal immunoglobulin M dynamics and MRD status, as well as between the presence of the MYD88 mutation at onset and the rate of tumor clone reduction.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Patients underwent immunophenotypic analysis of bone marrow cells at disease onset and at follow-up time points post-induction using multicolor flow cytometry. The following antigens were investigated for B-cells: surface CD19, CD22, CD20, CD45, and CD27, as well as cytoplasmic λ and κ immunoglobulin M antigens. For plasma cells, the following were assessed: surface CD38, CD138, CD27, CD45, CD81, and CD19, along with cytoplasmic λ and κ immunoglobulin M antigens. Standard methods of descriptive statistics and graphical visualization were used to analyze the results. To evaluate the dynamics of aberrant cell populations, multivariate statistical methods were employed, accounting for repeated measures within the same participants. The same methods were applied to study the association of the <italic>MYD88</italic> gene mutation with the dynamics of these parameters.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Heterogeneity of the residual tumor clone was revealed, which could be represented by three variants of tumor populations: only aberrant B cells; only aberrant plasma cells; and populations of B- and plasma cells. Different reduction rates of residual aberrant B- and plasma cells were observed after the end of induction therapy: in the 1<sup>st</sup> month after treatment, the number of aberrant B cells decreased 1.4 times faster than plasma cells. The long-term persistence phenomenon of trace immunoglobulin M secretion after induction therapy even in MRD-negative patients was revealed (70 % cases). A relationship was noted between the presence of L265P mutation of the <italic>MYD88</italic> gene at the disease onset and the number of residual B cells. In patients without a <italic>MYD88</italic> gene mutation at the disease onset, MRD-negative B-cell status was achieved by the first month after the end of induction. No relationship was found between the presence / absence of the <italic>MYD88</italic> gene mutation and the residual tumor plasma cell population. Patients with MRD-positive status in any combination (only aberrant B cells; only aberrant plasma cells; and populations of B- and plasma cells) demonstrated a higher probability of disease progression compared to the MRD-negative group.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The use of multicolor flow cytometry to detect residual neoplastic B-cell and plasma cell populations provides additional insights into the depth of remission, the rate of tumor cell reduction, and the heterogeneity of the residual malignant clone.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Минимальная остаточная болезнь (МОБ), выявленная методом иммунофенотипирования, – индикатор ответа на терапию и маркер рецидива при многих гематологических заболеваниях. Существуют единичные зарубежные публикации, посвященные оценке остаточной опухолевой популяции методом многоцветной проточной цитометрии при макроглобулинемии Вальденстрема (МВ). Особенностью МВ является инфильтрация костного мозга 2 опухолевыми популяциями из 1 опухолевого клона: клональными В-лимфоцитами и клональными плазматическими клетками. Изучить эти 2 аберрантные популяции стало возможным только с помощью метода проточной цитометрии. В 90 % случаев при МВ выявляется мутация L265P гена <italic>MYD88</italic>: она выступает диагностическим маркером и значительно реже встречается при других лимфомах.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – изучение особенностей остаточного опухолевого клона у пациентов с МВ, их взаимосвязи с вероятностью прогрессирования; оценка взаимосвязи между динамикой моноклонального иммуноглобулина M и МОБ-статусом, а также между наличием мутации MYD88 в дебюте и скоростью редукции опухолевых популяций.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Пациентам в дебюте заболевания и на контрольных точках после индукции проводили иммунофенотипический анализ клеток костного мозга методом многоцветной проточной цитометрии. Исследованы следующие антигены для В-клеток: поверхностные CD19, CD22, CD20, CD45, СD27, цитоплазматические антигены λ, κ иммуноглобулина M; для плазматических клеток: поверхностные CD38, CD138, CD27, CD45, CD81, CD19 и цитоплазматические антигены λ, κ иммуноглобулина M. Для анализа результатов использованы стандартные методы описательной статистики и графической визуализации. Для оценки динамики аберрантных популяций клеток использовали многофакторные статистические методы с учетом повторных измерений у одних и тех же участников. Такие же методы применяли для изучения ассоциации мутации гена MYD88 с динамикой показателей.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Выявлена гетерогенность остаточного опухолевого клона, который может быть представлен 3 вариантами опухолевых популяций: только аберрантными В-клетками; только аберрантными плазматическими клетками; популяциями В- и плазматических клеток. Наблюдалась разная скорость редукции остаточных аберрантных В- и плазматических клеток после окончания индукционной терапии: на 1-й месяц после лечения количество аберрантных В-клеток снижалось в 1,4 раза быстрее, чем плазматических клеток. Выявлен феномен длительного сохранения следовой секреции иммуноглобулина М после индукционной терапии даже у МОБ-негативных пациентов (70 % случаев). Отмечена взаимосвязь между наличием в дебюте заболевания мутации L265P гена <italic>MYD88</italic> и количеством остаточных В-клеток. У пациентов без мутации гена <italic>MYD88</italic> в дебюте заболевания на 1-й месяц после окончания индукции достигнут МОБ-негативный статус по В-клеткам. Взаимосвязи между наличием / отсутствием мутации гена <italic>MYD88</italic> с остаточной опухолевой популяцией плазматических клеток не обнаружено. У пациентов с МОБ-позитивным статусом в любом сочетании (только аберрантные В-клетки; только аберрантные плазматические клетки; популяции В- и плазматических клеток) вероятность прогрессирования выше, чем в группе с МОБ-негативным статусом.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Использование метода многоцветной проточной цитометрии для определения остаточных опухолевых популяций В- и плазматических клеток дает дополнительную информацию о глубине ремиссии, скорости редукции опухолевых популяций и гетерогенности остаточного опухолевого клона.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia</kwd><kwd>immunophenotyping</kwd><kwd>minimal residual disease</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>макроглобулинемия Вальденстрема</kwd><kwd>иммунофенотипирование</kwd><kwd>минимальная остаточная болезнь</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 5th edn. 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